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Einstein's static universe

Einstein's static universe, aka the Einstein universe or the Einstein static eternal universe, is a relativistic model of the universe proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917.[1][2] Shortly after completing the general theory of relativity, Einstein applied his new theory of gravity to the universe as a whole. Assuming a universe that was static in time, and possessed of a uniform distribution of matter on the largest scales, Einstein was led to a finite, static universe of spherical spatial curvature.

To achieve a consistent solution to the Einstein field equations for the case of a static universe with a non-zero density of matter, Einstein found it necessary to introduce a new term to the field equations, the cosmological constant. In the resulting model, the radius R and density of matter ρ of the universe were related to the cosmological constant Λ according to Λ = 1/R2 = κρ/2, where κ is the Einstein gravitational constant.[3]

Following the discovery by Edwin Hubble of a linear relation between the redshifts of the galaxies and their distance in 1929,[4] Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe and proposed expanding models such as the Friedmann–Einstein universe and the Einstein–de Sitter universe. In both cases, he set the cosmological constant to zero, declaring it "no longer necessary ... and theoretically unsatisfactory".[5][6][7][8][9] In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his "biggest blunder". The astrophysicist Mario Livio has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated.[10]

  1. ^ Einstein, Albert (1917). "Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" [Cosmological considerations on the general theory of relativity]. Sitzungs. König. Preuss. Akad. (in German): Sitzungsb. König. Preuss. Akad. 142–152.
  2. ^ Lorentz H.A.; Einstein A.; Minkowski H.; H. Weyl (1923). The Principle of Relativity. New York: Metheun & Co. pp. 175–188.
  3. ^ O'Raifeartaigh; et al. (2017). "Einstein's 1917 static model of the universe: a centennial review". Eur. Phys. J. H. 42 (3): 431–474. arXiv:1701.07261. Bibcode:2017EPJH...42..431O. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80002-5. S2CID 119461771.
  4. ^ Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
  5. ^ Einstein, Albert (1931). "Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie". Sitzungsb. König. Preuss. Akad.: 235–237.
  6. ^ Einstein, Albert (1946). Relativity: The Special and General Theories (16th ed.). New York: Metheun. p. 137.
  7. ^ O'Raifeartaigh and McCann (2014). "Einstein's cosmic model of 1931 revisited: an analysis and translation of a forgotten model of the universe". Eur. Phys. J. H. 39 (1): 63–85. arXiv:1312.2192. Bibcode:2014EPJH...39...63O. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2013-40038-x. S2CID 53419239.
  8. ^ Nussbaumer and Bieri (2009). Discovering the Expanding Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
  9. ^ A. S. Eddington (9 May 1930). "On the Instability of Einstein's Spherical World". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 90 (7): 668–678. doi:10.1093/mnras/90.7.668.
  10. ^ Zimmer, Carl (9 June 2013). "The Genius of Getting It Wrong: Brilliant Blunders by Mario Livio". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013.

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